Review Article
The Significance of Prebiotics and Immuno-Nutrients for Assuring the Developmental Milestones in Toddlerhood
Shahida Yeasmin*
,
Manirul Islam,
Chaman Ara,
Ruhul Amin,
Nazrul Islam,
Liaquat Ali
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
38-47
Received:
27 June 2024
Accepted:
15 July 2024
Published:
6 August 2024
Abstract: The immune system development of children is influenced by the mother's nutritional state throughout pregnancy as well as the nutrients the unborn kid is exposed to through nursing and other meals. Micronutrients that are important for the development of the immune system in neonates include iron, zinc, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. both probiotics and prebiotics are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota and a robust immune system. While probiotics directly add beneficial bacteria to the gut, prebiotics serve as food for these bacteria, enhancing their growth and activity. Together, they play a vital role in supporting immune function and overall health. Prebiotics also play a significant role in this process by acting as fertilizers to encourage the growth of healthy bacteria in the stomach. Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) have an effect on the developing immune system; therefore, a meeting of specialists was arranged to talk about preventative and mitigating strategies. Immunological responses are largely determined by nutrition, and malnutrition is the leading cause of immunodeficiency worldwide. Protein-energy deprivation is associated with a significant decline in cell-mediated immunity, phagocyte activity, complement system, secretory immunoglobulin an antibody concentration, and cytokine production. Certain nutrient deficits cause altered immune responses, even in cases when the deficiency is fairly mild. The immune responses are significantly influenced by micronutrients such as folic acid, zinc, selenium, iron, copper, and vitamins A, C, E, and B-6. Additionally, overeating and obesity reduce immunity. Low birth weight babies' cell-mediated immunity is permanently compromised; this can be somewhat restored by adding more zinc to their diets. Prebiotics are inactive dietary ingredients that, when combined with immuno-nutrients, benefit the host by encouraging the growth and/or activity of a certain kind of bacteria in the colon. Government, development partners, non-governmental organizations, and academia must collaborate to increase the availability of basic and effective nutrition interventions, as well as those that address more stifling issues. These interventions include exclusive breastfeeding, appropriate supplemental feeding, micronutrient supplementation for children, adolescents, pregnant women, and lactating women, managing severe acute malnutrition and deworming, and hygiene interventions. The entire healthcare system needs to be revitalized in order to get over the obstacles that exist at the levels of policy, governance, and service delivery and to create demand for the services at the household level. Priority should also be devoted to stabilizing food prices and managing nutrition following natural disasters.
Abstract: The immune system development of children is influenced by the mother's nutritional state throughout pregnancy as well as the nutrients the unborn kid is exposed to through nursing and other meals. Micronutrients that are important for the development of the immune system in neonates include iron, zinc, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. both probiotics ...
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Case Report
Dexamethasone-Induced Bradycardia and Generalized Weakness in Patient with Flu Disease
Abbas Mohammad Abd Aljalil,
Zainab Yousef Abbas*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
48-51
Received:
12 February 2024
Accepted:
13 March 2024
Published:
13 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.iji.20241203.12
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Abstract: The case report presented in this article describes a 36-year-old male who experienced bradycardia and generalized weakness after receiving an intramuscular injection of dexamethasone for flu treatment. This adverse effect of the medication is a rare but potentially serious occurrence that highlights the need for close monitoring of patients, particularly those with pre-existing cardiac conditions or electrolyte imbalances, following dexamethasone administration. It is essential to promptly recognize and manage symptoms of bradycardia to ensure a favorable outcome for the patient. The mechanisms underlying dexamethasone-induced bradycardia are not fully understood, but may involve potassium channel modulation and other factors. Additionally, various factors such as rapid intravenous infusion rates, underlying cardiac or renal conditions, and electrolyte imbalances can predispose individuals to corticosteroid-induced bradycardia. Thorough evaluations are necessary to rule out other potential causes of bradycardia before attributing it to corticosteroids. While most instances of corticosteroid-induced bradycardia resolve on their own, it is crucial to exclude common etiologies of sinus bradycardia and rectify any electrolyte imbalances before initiating treatment. This case report sheds light on the importance of recognizing and managing dexamethasone-induced bradycardia and highlights the need for further research into the mechanisms and risk factors associated with this adverse effect.
Abstract: The case report presented in this article describes a 36-year-old male who experienced bradycardia and generalized weakness after receiving an intramuscular injection of dexamethasone for flu treatment. This adverse effect of the medication is a rare but potentially serious occurrence that highlights the need for close monitoring of patients, parti...
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